Applied Behavior Analysis - Wikipedia

Applied behavior analysis (ABA) is a scientific discipline concerned in the company of applying techniques based upon the principles concerning study to innovation behavior concerning social significance.^[1][2] It is the applied sort concerning behavior analysis; the further two forms are radical behaviorism (or the thinking concerning the science) including the experimental opinion concerning behavior (or basic pilot research).^[1]

The name "applied behavior analysis" has replaced behavior modification seeing as the last come to suggested attempting to innovation behavior wanting clarifying the related behavior-environment interactions. In contrast, ABA tries to innovation behavior via first assessing the practical association mid a targeted behavior including the environment.^[3][4][5] Further, the come to generally seeks to develop socially fair alternatives designed to meet the needs of extraordinary behaviors.^[5]

ABA has been brought to bear on top of a spacious series concerning areas including behavioral problems. Examples contain such things while that} early thorough behavioral interventions designed to meet the needs of children in the company of an autism range disorder (ASD),^[6] rehabilitation concerning brain injury,^[7] investigation on top of the principles influencing criminal behavior, while that} skilfully while that} HIV prevention,^[8] conservation concerning natural resources,^[9] education,^[10]gerontology,^[11]health including exercise,^[12]industrial safety,^[13]language acquisition,^[14]littering,^[15]medical procedures,^[16] parenting,^[17]psychotherapy, seatbelt use,^[18]severe cognitive disorders,^[19] sports,^[20]substance abuse, phobias, pediatric feeding disorders, including zoo control including care concerning animals.^[21]

Definition[edit]

ABA is an applied science loving to developing procedures which will effect observable changes in behavior.^[1] It is to be present distinguished from the experimental opinion concerning behavior, which focuses on top of basic pilot research,^[6] however it uses principles developed via such research, in special operant conditioning including classical conditioning. Behavior opinion adopts the viewpoint concerning radical behaviorism, treating thoughts, emotions, including further covert work while that} behavior that is question to the alike rules while that} public responses. This represents a shift away from methodological behaviorism, which restricts behavior-change procedures to behaviors that are overt, including was the conceptual underpinning concerning behavior modification.

Behavior analysts and highlight that the science concerning behavior must be present a natural science while that} opposed to a social science.^[22] As such, behavior analysts focal point on top of the observable association concerning behavior in the company of the environment, plus antecedents including consequences, wanting resort to "hypothetical constructs".^[23]

History[edit]

Further information: Radical behaviorism, Experimental opinion concerning behavior, Behavior modification, Operant conditioning, B.F. Skinner, Charles Ferster, Nathan Azrin, Jack Michael, Donald M. Baer, Montrose Wolf, Sidney W. Bijou, Ivar Lovaas, Robert Koegel, including Steven C. Hayes

The beginnings concerning ABA can be present traced back to Teodoro Ayllon including Jack Michael's read up "The psychiatric caregiver while that} a behavioral engineer" (1959) that they submitted to the Journal concerning the Experimental Analysis concerning Behavior (JEAB) while that} part concerning their doctoral dissertation at the University concerning Houston. Ayllon including Michael were instruction the personnel including nurses at a psychiatric hospital how to use a token economy based on top of the principles concerning operant conditioning including behavioral engineering—a synonym designed to meet the needs of ABA,^[24] also in those days called behavior modification—with their patients, who were mostly adults in the company of schizophrenia, however some were and mentally retarded children.^[25] This daily eventually served while that} the arrangement designed to meet the needs of the founding concerning the Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA), which publishes investigation on top of the demand concerning behavior opinion to a spacious arrangement concerning socially related behavior.^[26]

A band concerning faculty including researchers at the University concerning Washington, plus Donald Baer, Sidney W. Bijou, Bill Hopkins, Jay Birnbrauer, Todd Risley, including Montrose Wolf,^[27][28] applied the principles concerning behavior opinion to instruct developmentally disabled children, manage the behavior concerning children including adolescents in child detention centers, including organize employees who obligatory true structure including control in businesses, among further situations. In 1968, Baer, Bijou, Risley, Birnbrauer, Wolf, including James Sherman joined the Department concerning Human Development including Family Life at the University concerning Kansas, where they founded the Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis.^[29]

Notable graduate students from the University concerning Washington contain Robert Wahler, James Sherman, including Ivar Lovaas.^[26][29] Lovaas traditional the UCLA Young Autism Project while as|during the time that|for the period that|time} teaching at the University concerning California, Los Angeles, including loving practically half a century to groundbreaking investigation including practice aimed at improving the lives concerning children in the company of autism including their families. In 1965, Lovaas published a course concerning articles that outlined his structure designed to meet the needs of coding observed behaviors, described a pioneering investigation concerning the antecedents including consequences that maintained a problem behavior,^[30] including relied upon the methods concerning errorless learning that was initially devised via Charles Ferster to coach nonverbal children to speak. Lovaas and described how to use social (secondary) reinforcers, coach children to imitate, including what interventions (including cordless shocks) may be present worn to lessen aggression including life-threatening self-injury.^[30]

In 1987, Lovaas published the landmark study, "Behavioral Treatment including Normal Educational including Intellectual Functioning in Young Autistic Children".^[26] The pilot band in this read up received up to 40-hours per week in a 1:1 teaching site using errorless discrete trial training (DTT). The treatment is done at home in the company of parents involved in every point concerning treatment, including the curriculum is highly individualized in the company of a heavy emphasis on top of teaching eye contact including language. ABA principles are worn to motivate study including lessen non-desired behaviors. The consequence concerning this read up indicated 47% concerning the pilot band (9/19) went on top of to lose their autism identification including were described while that} indistinguishable from their typical young peers. This included fleeting regular schooling wanting assistance, manufacture including maintaining friends, including becoming self-sufficient while that} adults. These gains were maintained while that} reported in the 1993 study, "Long-Term Outcome designed to meet the needs of Children With Autism Who Received Early Intensive Behavioral Treatment". Lovaas’ do business went on top of to be present recognized via the US Surgeon General in 1999, including his investigation outcomes were replicated in university including private settings. The "Lovaas Method" went on top of to come to be well-known while that} great time|beforehand|ahead of schedule|in advance} thorough behavioral interference (EIBI), or DTT designed to meet the needs of 30 to 40 hours per week.

Over the years, "behavior analysis" gradually superseded "behavior modification"; that is, from merely trying to alter problematic behavior, behavior analysts sought to understand the concern concerning that behavior, what antecedents further including maintain it, including how it can be present replaced via fortunate behavior.^[5] This opinion is based on top of painstaking first judgment concerning a behavior's concern including a difficult concerning methods that effect changes in behavior.

While ABA seems to be present intrinsically linked to autism intervention, it is and worn in a broad series concerning further situations. Recent notable areas concerning investigation in JABA contain autism, classroom rule in the company of typically developing students, pediatric feeding therapy, including substance-use disorders. Other applications concerning ABA contain applied creature behavior, behavioral economics, behavioral medicine, behavioral neuroscience, clinical behavior analysis, forensic behavior analysis, increasing job assurance including performance, schoolwide positive behavior support,^[31][32][33] including systematic desensitization designed to meet the needs of phobias.

Characteristics[edit]

Baer, Wolf, including Risley's 1968 article^[34] is still worn while that} the calibre description concerning ABA.^[35][36] It lists the next the seven characteristics concerning ABA.

• Applied: ABA focuses on top of the social import concerning the behavior studied. For example, a non-applied researcher may read up eating behavior seeing as this investigation helps to clarify metabolic processes, whereas the applied researcher may read up eating behavior in individuals who eat in addition scant or in addition much, trying to innovation such behavior so that it is extra fair to the persons involved.
• Behavioral: ABA is pragmatic; it asks how it is viable to turn an single to achieve something effectively. To answer this question, the behavior itself must be present objectively measured. Verbal descriptions are treated while that} behavior in themselves, including not while that} substitutes designed to meet the needs of the behavior described.
• Analytic: Behavior opinion is fortunate when the analyst understands including can influence the events that control a bull's-eye behavior. This may be present rather simple to achieve in the lab, where a researcher is able to determine the related events, however it is not regularly easy, or ethical, in an applied situation.^[34] Baer et al. outline two methods that may be present worn in applied settings to show control while as|during the time that|for the period that|time} maintaining morally right standards. These are the backtracking describe including the multiple baseline design. In the backtracking design, the experimenter first measures the behavior concerning choice, introduces an intervention, including in those days measures the behavior again. Then, the interference is removed, or reduced, including the behavior is measured yet again. The interference is active to the magnitude that the behavior changes including in those days changes back in reaction to these manipulations. The multiple baseline technique may be present worn designed to meet the needs of behaviors that seem irreversible. Here, several behaviors are measured including in those days the interference is applied to each in turn. The power concerning the interference is revealed via changes in merely the behavior to which the interference is thing applied.
• Technological: The description concerning detailed investigation must be present explicit including detailed, so that any competent researcher can repeat it accurately.^[34] Cooper et al. relate a good process to check this: Have a being trained in applied behavior opinion read the description including in those days function out the course in detail. If the being makes any mistakes or has to ask any questions in those days the description needs improvement.^[35][37]
• Conceptually Systematic: Behavior opinion should not merely effect a list concerning active interventions. Rather, to the magnitude possible, these methods should be present grounded in behavioral principles. This is aided via the use concerning theoretically material terms, such while that} "secondary reinforcement" or "errorless discrimination" where appropriate.
• Effective: Though detailed methods should be present theoretically grounded, they must be present effective. If an interference does not effect a large sufficient effect designed to meet the needs of efficient use, in those days the opinion has failed
• Generality: Behavior analysts should aim designed to meet the needs of interventions that are broadly applicable; the methods should do business in contrasting environments, apply to extra than sole special behavior, including have continuing effects.

Other proposed characteristics[edit]

In 2005, Heward et al. suggested that the next five characteristics should be present added:^[38]

• Accountable: To be present obliged course that ABA must be present able to show that its methods are effective. This requires the repeatedly measuring the victory concerning interventions, and, given that necessary, manufacture changes that improve their effectiveness.^[39]
• Public: The methods, results, including theoretical analyses concerning ABA must be present published including open to scrutiny. There are of course not hidden treatments or mystical, metaphysical explanations.
• Doable: To be present broadly useful, interventions should be present available to a variety concerning individuals, who ability be present teachers, parents, therapists, or regular those who wish to reform their special behavior. With true setting up including training, many interventions can be present applied via almost NE1 willing to invest the effort.^[40]
• Empowering: ABA provides tools that give the practitioner feedback on top of the results concerning interventions. These approve clinicians to assess their ability level including put up confidence in their effectiveness.^[41]
• Optimistic: According to several leading authors, behavior analysts have spring to be present confident that their efforts are socially worthwhile, designed to meet the needs of the next reasons:
  • The behaviors impacted via behavior opinion are largely resolute via study including controlled via manipulable aspects concerning the environment.
  • Practitioners can improve playing via level including continuous measurements.
  • As a practitioner uses behavioral techniques in the company of upbeat outcomes, they come to be extra confident concerning prospect success.
  • The literature provides many examples concerning victory in teaching individuals considered previously unteachable.

Concepts[edit]

Behavior[edit]

Behavior refers to the organization concerning some part concerning an organism that changes some point concerning the environment.^[42] Often, the term behavior refers to a study group concerning responses that part physical dimensions or functions, including in that event a response is a single occurrence concerning that behavior.^[35][43] If a band concerning responses have the alike function, this band may be present called a reaction class. "Repertoire" refers to the varied responses available to an individual; the term may commit to responses that are related to a special situation, or it may commit to everything a being can do.

Operant conditioning[edit]

Operant behavior is the so-called "voluntary" behavior that is sensitive to, or controlled via its consequences. Specifically, operant education refers to the three-term contingency that uses stimulus control, in special an preceding chance called the discriminative impetus (SD) that influences the strengthening or weakening concerning behavior by process of such consequences while that} reinforcement or punishment.^[44] The term is worn quite generally, from reaching designed to meet the needs of a candy bar, to turning up the heat to escape an aversive chill, to studying designed to meet the needs of an assessment to turn good grades.

Respondent (classical) conditioning[edit]

Respondent (classical) education is based on top of innate stimulus-response relationships called reflexes. In his celebrated experiments in the company of dogs, Pavlov usually worn the salivary reflex, to wit salivation (unconditioned response) next the taste concerning food (unconditioned stimulus). Pairing a neutral stimulus, designed to meet the needs of specimen a bell (conditioned stimulus) in the company of food caused the bell to elicit salivation (conditioned response). Thus, in classical conditioning, the seasoned impetus becomes a beam designed to meet the needs of a biologically significant consequence. Note that in respondent conditioning, far from operant conditioning, the reaction does not produce a reinforcer or punisher (e.g. the bitch does not turn food because it salivates).

Environment[edit]

The surroundings is the entire constellation concerning stimuli in which an organism exists.^[45] This includes events both interior including external concerning an organism, however single concrete physical events are included. A impetus is an "energy innovation that affects an organism by its receptor cells".^[45]

A impetus can be present described:

• Topographically via its physical features.
• Temporally via when it occurs.
• Functionally via its effect on top of behavior.

Reinforcement[edit]

Reinforcement is the opener element in operant conditioning^[46] including in the majority behavior innovation programs.^[47] It is the system via which behavior is strengthened. If a behavior is followed closely in time via a impetus including this results in an expand in the prospect constancy concerning that behavior, in those days the impetus is a upbeat reinforcer. If the extraction concerning an event serves while that} a reinforcer, this is termed invalidating reinforcement.^[48] There are multiple schedules concerning reinforcement that affect the prospect probability concerning behavior.

Punishment[edit]

Punishment is a system via which a result immediately follows a behavior which decreases the prospect constancy concerning that behavior. As in the company of reinforcement, a impetus can be present extra (positive punishment) or removed (negative punishment). Broadly, there are three types concerning punishment: presentation concerning aversive stimuli (e.g., pain), reaction cost (removal concerning useful stimuli while that} in monetary fines), including rule concerning autonomy (as in a 'time out').^[49] Punishment in practice can generally result in unwanted side effects.^[50] Some further potential unwanted belongings contain resentment on top of thing punished, attempts to escape the punishment, expression concerning pain including invalidating emotions joined in the company of it, including discovery via the punished single mid the penalizing including the being delivering it.

Extinction[edit]

Extinction is the technological term to relate the course concerning withholding/discontinuing increase concerning a previously reinforced behavior, resulting in the decrease concerning that behavior.^[51] The behavior is in those days leave to be present extinguished (Cooper et al.). Extinction procedures are generally preferred on top of penalizing procedures, while that} many penalizing procedures are deemed illegal including in many states prohibited. Nonetheless, extinction procedures must be present implemented in the company of utmost care via professionals, while that} they are broadly joined in the company of extinction bursts. An extinction burst is the temporary expand in the frequency, intensity, and/or period concerning the behavior targeted designed to meet the needs of extinction.^[52] Other characteristics concerning an extinction burst contain an extinction-produced aggression—the occurrence concerning an emotional reaction to an extinction course generally manifested while that} aggression; including b) extinction-induced reaction variability—the occurrence concerning novel behaviors that did not typically come about prior to the extinction procedure. These novel behaviors are a nucleus piece concerning shaping procedures.

Discriminated operant including three-term contingency[edit]

In addition to a bond thing made mid behavior including its consequences, operant education and establishes relations mid preceding conditions including behaviors. This differs from the S–R formulations (If-A-then-B), including replaces it in the company of an AB-because-of-C formulation. In further words, the bond mid a behavior (B) including its context (A) is seeing as concerning consequences (C), extra specifically, this association mid AB seeing as concerning C indicates that the association is traditional via prior consequences that have occurred in similar contexts.^[53] This antecedent–behavior–consequence chance is termed the three-term contingency. A behavior which occurs extra repeatedly in the residence concerning an preceding nick than in its break is called a discriminated operant. The preceding impetus is called a discriminative impetus (S^D). The fact that the discriminated operant occurs single in the residence concerning the discriminative impetus is an illustration concerning stimulus control.^[54] More recently behavior analysts have been focusing on top of conditions that come about prior to the circumstances designed to meet the needs of the course behavior concerning distress that increased the likelihood concerning the behavior occurring or not occurring. These conditions have been referred to variously while that} "Setting Event", "Establishing Operations", including "Motivating Operations" via varied researchers in their publications.

Verbal behavior[edit]

B.F. Skinner's classification structure concerning behavior opinion has been applied to treatment concerning a host concerning intercourse disorders.^[55] Skinner's structure includes:

• Tact (psychology) – a verbal reaction evoked via a non-verbal preceding including maintained via generalized seasoned reinforcement.
• Mand (psychology) – behavior under control concerning motivating operations maintained via a characteristic reinforcer.
• Intraverbals – verbal behavior designed to meet the needs of which the related preceding impetus was further verbal behavior, however which does not part the reaction topography concerning that prior verbal impetus (e.g., responding to a further speaker's question).
• Autoclitic – subordinate verbal behavior which alters the effect concerning chief verbal behavior on top of the listener. Examples involve quantification, grammar, including qualifying statements (e.g., the contrasting belongings concerning "I think..." vs. "I know...")

For judgment concerning verbal behavior from Skinner's structure perceive Assessment concerning Basic Language including Learning Skills.

Measuring behavior[edit]

When measuring behavior, there are both dimensions concerning behavior including quantifiable measures concerning behavior. In applied behavior analysis, the quantifiable measures are a rehashed concerning the dimensions. These dimensions are repeatability, secular extent, including secular locus.^[56]

Repeatability[edit]

Response classes come about repeatedly throughout time—i.e., how many times the behavior occurs.

• Count is the figure concerning occurrences in behavior.
• Rate/frequency is the figure concerning instances concerning behavior per unit concerning time.
• Celeration is the measure concerning how the velocity changes on top of time.

Temporal extent[edit]

This side indicates that each occurrence concerning behavior occupies some size concerning time—i.e., how extended the behavior occurs.

• Duration is the period concerning time on top of which the behavior occurs.

Temporal locus[edit]

Each occurrence concerning behavior occurs at a special question in time—i.e., when the behavior occurs.

• Response latency is the measure concerning elapsed time mid the birth concerning a impetus including the initiation concerning the response.
• Interresponse time is the size concerning time that occurs mid two consecutive instances concerning a reaction class.

Derivative measures[edit]

Derivative measures are unrelated to special dimensions:

• Percentage is the ratio formed via combining the alike dimensional quantities.
• Trials-to-criterion are the figure concerning reaction opportunities lacked to achieve a predetermined level concerning performance.

Analyzing behavior change[edit]

Experimental control[edit]

In applied behavior analysis, all experiments should contain the following:^[57]

• At fewest sole participant
• At fewest sole behavior (dependent variable)
• At fewest sole setting
• A structure designed to meet the needs of measuring the behavior including ongoing optic opinion concerning data
• At fewest sole treatment or interference condition
• Manipulations concerning the separate fluctuating so that its belongings on top of the helpless fluctuating may be present quantitatively or qualitatively analyzed
• An interference that will benefit the party in some way^[58]

Functional opinion (psychology)[edit]

History concerning practical analysis[edit]

Prior to the ground-breaking article on top of practical detailed methodology designed to meet the needs of extraordinary behaviors, behaviorists worn the behavioral technology available to them at the time. Instead concerning treating the concern concerning the upsetting behavior, behavioral psychologists would instead pre-assume consequences to alter upsetting behaviors. For example, in the past to decrease self-injurious behavior in an individual, behaviorists may have delivered an aversive impetus deputation on top of the response, or expect a reinforcer wanting identifying the reinforcer that would be present the majority motivating to the customer (Iwata, 1988). This type concerning interference was fortunate to the individual, however it was not odd to perceive further variations concerning extraordinary behavior begin to appear. When applied behavior analysts let clients choose from a spacious arrangement concerning reinforcers (often resolute via materials accumulation including increase assessments) in the mid-1980s, increase was shown to be present extra active than penalizing contingencies. In general, applied behavior opinion while that} a field favors increase based interventions on top of aversive contingencies, however at the time the behavioral technology was not advanced sufficient including the individuals needing interference had a right to an active treatment (Van Houten et al., 1988). Nevertheless, not all behavioral therapies involved the use concerning aversives prior to the mid-1980s. Some behaviorists (for instance, B.F. Skinner) regularly preferred increase including extinction contingencies on top of penalizing regular throughout the time of that time.

In 1977, Dr. Edward Carr, PhD, a professor concerning study of personality at Dept. concerning Psychology, State University concerning New York at Stony Brook including a New York State Certified psychologist, published a daily on top of potential hypotheses designed to meet the needs of the occurrence including maintenance concerning self-injurious behaviors. This daily laid out the first groundwork designed to meet the needs of a practical opinion concerning extraordinary behaviors. In the paper, Dr. Carr described five potential causes designed to meet the needs of self-injurious behaviors that included (1) upbeat social increase deputation on top of the response, (2) negative reinforcement in the sort concerning extraction concerning an aversive impetus deputation on top of the response, (3) the reaction produced stimuli possessed reinforcing qualities (automatic reinforcement), (4) the behavior was a byproduct concerning an essential psychological condition, including (5) psychodynamic hypothesis in which the behavior was an attempt to lessen guilt. Throughout the paper, Carr cited new investigation to champion the first three hypotheses, including discredit the last two hypotheses, however of course not aloof experiment was conducted to determine the controlling variables concerning the problem behavior.

In 1982, Dr. Brian A.Iwata, Ph.D.(an American psychologist including now Distinguished professor at the Psychology Department at the University concerning Florida) including colleagues plus concerning Dr. Michael Dorsey, Ph.D. in Psychology, Dr. Keith J. Slifer, Ph.D. a kid clinical psychologist in the company of significant interest in pediatric psychology, including Director, Pediatric Psychology Consultation Program, Professor concerning Psychiatry including Behavioral Sciences, conducted the first pilot opinion concerning the maintaining variables designed to meet the needs of self-injurious behavior. In the paper, the researchers alternated mid special conditions to examine whether or not the behavior occurred under special situation conditions. Through level manipulation concerning the environment, the researchers could accurately identify the controlling variables concerning the extraordinary behavior, including provide interventions that targeted the practical association mid the behavior including the environment. Since this ground-breaking article was published, a spacious series concerning investigation has been published in the area concerning practical analyses concerning extraordinary behaviors. The methodology has since come to be the gold calibre in judgment including treatment concerning extraordinary behaviors.

Functional behavior judgment (FBA)[edit]

Functional judgment concerning behavior provides hypotheses re the relationships mid special situation events including behaviors. Decades concerning investigation have traditional that both useful including objectionable behaviors are learned including maintained via interactions in the company of the social including physical environment. Functional behavior assessments are worn to identify controlling variables designed to meet the needs of challenging behaviors while that} the arrangement designed to meet the needs of interference efforts designed to decrease the occurrence concerning these behaviors.

Functions concerning behavior[edit]

Behavior serves two critical functions designed to meet the needs of an individual: (1) to gain needed events, or (2) to escape/avoid undesired events. Put a further way, individuals participate in in behavior to turn something or to turn out concerning something. When trying to identify the concern concerning a behavior, it is generally helpful to think, "What point is this behavior serving the individual?" Described below are the regular functions concerning behavior.

[edit]

Access to notice (positive reinforcement: social): The single engages in the behavior to gain notice from a further person. For example, a kid throws a plaything seeing as it characteristically results in a parent's attention. (If this behavior results in a father or mother looking at kid including giving them lots concerning attention—even given that they're adage "NO"—he will be present extra disposed to engage in the alike behavior in the prospect to turn a parent's attention.) Common forms concerning notice include, however are not controlled to, hugs, kisses, reprimands, frowns, smiles, etc.

Access to tangibles (positive reinforcement: tangible/activity): The single engages in the behavior to gain a special item or undertake in a special work from a further person. For example, a kid hits their father or mother seeing as they want the plaything they are holding. (If this behavior results in a father or mother giving the kid the toy, they will be present extra disposed to participate in in the alike behavior in the prospect to turn a parent's attention.) Common forms concerning tangible items include, however are not controlled to, food, toys, movies, video games, etc.

Automatic upbeat reinforcement: The single engages in the behavior seeing as the response-produced stimulation possesses reinforcing characteristics. In further words, engaging in the behavior produces reinforcing stimulation exclusive to the special context. For example, a kid hits their eyes seeing as it produces the special stimulation concerning varied colors including effects. Another specimen includes a kid spinning a bowl on top of a table to effect the special auditory stimulation exclusive to that object. Common forms concerning automated stimulation include, however are not controlled to, auditory stimulation, optic stimulation, endorphin release, etc.

Escape/avoid objectionable events (negative reinforcement)[edit]

[edit]

Escape/removal concerning attention: The single engages in the behavior to escape aversive socially mediated attention. Put a further way, social situations that are aversive to the kid are removed deputation on top of the behavior occurring. For example, a kid hits the don to hamper talking in front concerning the class. Common forms concerning aversive social situations include, however are not controlled to, smiles, hugs, frowns, corrections, band settings, etc.

Escape/removal concerning tasks or activities: The single engages in the behavior to escape aversive tasks or demands. For example, when a kid is told to grip a bath, they begin to cry, so their mum tells them that they of course not longer have to grip a bath. Another specimen includes a don telling a scholar to perfect a leave concerning worksheets, to which the scholar flips the bureau including is sent to the principal's office. Being sent to the principal's workplace reinforced the behavior concerning flipping the bureau seeing as it allowed the kid to escape the aversive work concerning completing the worksheets. Common forms concerning aversive demands/activities include, however are not controlled to, difficult tasks, changes in routines, unpredictability, etc.

Escape/avoid special stimulation[edit]

Automatic invalidating reinforcement: The single engages in the behavior seeing as it produces a decrease in aversive stimulation. Put a further way, something aversive is occurring in some location on top of the organism's body, including engaging in the behavior decreases the level concerning discomfort. For example, a kid bangs their head against the partition to decrease the pain knowledgeable from a toothache. Another specimen includes a kid scratching their arm to decrease the level concerning itchiness knowledgeable from a bug bite. Common forms concerning aversive stimulation abated via engaging in special behaviors contain sinus pain, itching, hunger, etc.

Function against topography[edit]

As previously stated concern refers to the effect the behavior produces on top of the environment. The actual sort concerning the behavior is referred to the topography. Different behaviors may serve the alike function, thus describing sole limitation concerning treating behaviors based on top of sort alone. For example, a kid may scream, hit, including bawl to gain notice from their parent. What the behavior looks equivalent to generally reveals scant useful material re the conditions that account designed to meet the needs of it. However, identifying the conditions that account designed to meet the needs of a behavior, suggests what conditions require to be present altered to innovation the behavior. Therefore, judgment concerning concern concerning a behavior can submit useful material in the company of respect to interference strategies that are disposed to be present effective.

Method concerning identifying functions concerning behavior[edit]

FBA methods can be present classified into three types:

• Indirect assessment
• Descriptive assessment
• Functional (experimental) analysis

Indirect FBA[edit]

This technique uses structured interviews, checklists, rating scales, or questionnaires to gain material from persons who are familiar in the company of the being exhibiting the behavior to identify viable conditions or events in the natural surroundings that correspond in the company of the problem behavior. They are referred to while that} "indirect" seeing as they achieve not involve level study concerning the behavior, however sooner they solicit material based on top of others' recollections concerning the behavior. This sort concerning judgment typically yields the fewest honest material re the concern concerning behavior, however can provide insight while that} to viable functions concerning the behavior to be present tested in the future, the sort concerning the behaviors (e.g. screaming, hitting, etc.), including environments in which the behavior typically occurs (e.g. school, home, etc.). This type concerning judgment should be present performed while that} the first step concerning any practical behavior judgment to get together related material to perfect extra level assessments.

Descriptive FBA[edit]

Unlike the related methods concerning FBAs, vivid practical behavior judgment employs level study concerning behavior. These observations come about in the surroundings in which the behavior naturally occurs (e.g. school, home, etc.) therefore there is of course not level manipulation concerning the environment. The the majority regular sort concerning vivid judgment involves recording the antecedents including consequences that naturally come about when the single emits the behavior. This is referred to while that} ABC materials collection, in which (A) represents the regular antecedent, (B) represents the behavior concerning interest, including (C) represents the quick consequences that come about next the behavior. ABC materials accumulation is worn to identify the naturally occurring consequences delivered in the surroundings in which the behavior occurs. ABC materials accumulation can be present conducted via a spacious arrangement concerning individuals who have received suitable instruction on top of how to record the data. Another sort concerning vivid FBA is called a scatterplot. In this assessment, personnel record the time including site in which the behavior concerning interest occurs on top of a course concerning days. The materials are plotted on top of a optic scale to indicate whether there are any patterns in the behavior (for example, given that the behavior occurs extra repeatedly throughout the time of math rule than it does throughout the time of lunchtime). Although this judgment does not indicate the consequences maintaining the behavior, it can be present worn to identify some concerning the preceding conditions that typically precede the behavior concerning interest.

Functional (experimental) analysis[edit]

A practical opinion is the the majority level sort concerning practical behavior assessment, in which special antecedents including consequences are systematically manipulated to check their unconnected belongings on top of the behavior concerning interest. Each manipulation concerning the preceding including result in a special position is referred to a condition. In a practical analysis, conditions are typically alternated mid quite rapidly separate concerning responding to check the contrasting functions concerning behavior. When materials paths are elevated above the control nick (described below) it can be present said that there is a practical bond mid that nick including the behavior concerning interest. Complexity, time restraints, including site restraints, are a few limitations to this special method. When deciding to use this method, there is a odds concerning high-risk behavior including the possibility concerning low-rate behaviors.^[59]

Below, regular examples concerning pilot conditions are described. A calibre practical opinion normally has spring conditions (three check conditions including sole control).

Attention[edit]

In this condition, the experimenter gives the single moderately preferred items including instructs them to move play. After that first instruction, the experimenter pretends to function busy including ignores all bids designed to meet the needs of notice from the individual. If the single engages in the behavior concerning interest, the experimenter provides the single in the company of notice (commonly in the sort concerning a reprimand). Behaviors that come about extra repeatedly in this nick can be present said to be present notice maintained.

Escape[edit]

In this condition, the experimenter instructs the single that it is time to work. After the first instruction, the experimenter delivers a course concerning demands that the single is typically obligatory to perfect (e.g. math problems, cleaning up, etc.). If the single engages in the behavior concerning interest, the expect is removed including the kid is allowed to grip a break. Behaviors that come about extra repeatedly in this nick can be present said to be present escape maintained.

Alone[edit]

In this condition, the kid is left alone in the company of a variety concerning items to take part in with. If the kid engages in the behavior concerning interest, of course not programmed consequences are delivered. Behaviors that come about extra repeatedly in this nick can be present said to be present automatically maintained.

Control (play)[edit]

In this condition, the kid is allowed to join in in the company of a variety concerning items throughout the time of the session. No demands are placed on top of the kid throughout the period concerning the session. The experimenter provides notice to the single throughout the session on top of any behavior that is not the bull's-eye behavior. If the bull's-eye behavior occurs, the experimenter removes notice up to the behavior has subsided. This session is expected to function while that} a control condition, message that the surroundings is enriched designed to meet the needs of the point concerning the behavior not occurring. Said a further way, via meeting situation needs designed to meet the needs of all viable functions, the single is not disposed to participate in in the behavior concerning interest. This nick is worn while that} a comparison to the further conditions. Any nick that is elevated to a large measure sort the control condition, shows a higher measure pilot control indicating the practical association mid the special situation conditions including the behavior concerning interest.

Conducting a practical behavior assessment[edit]

Functional behavior assessments are rarely controlled to single sole concerning the methods described above. The the majority common, including the majority preferred, technique designed to meet the needs of identifying the concern concerning behavior can be present seen while that} a four-part processes.

1. The group concerning material by related including vivid assessment.
2. Interpretation concerning material from related including vivid judgment including formulation concerning a hypothesis re the point concerning problem behavior.
3. Testing concerning a hypothesis using a practical analysis.
4. Developing interference options based on top of the concern concerning problem behavior.

Technologies developed by ABA research[edit]

Task analysis[edit]

Task analysis is a system in which a job is analyzed into its piece parts so that those parts can be present taught through the use concerning chaining: forward chaining, backward chaining including entirety job presentation. Task opinion has been worn in managerial behavior management, a behavior detailed come to to changing the behaviors concerning members concerning an organization (e.g., factories, offices, or hospitals).^[60]Behavioral scripts generally emerge from a job analysis.^[61][62] Bergan conducted a job opinion concerning the behavioral consultation relationship^[63] including Thomas Kratochwill developed a instruction program based on top of teaching Bergan's skills.^[64] A similar come to was worn designed to meet the needs of the growing concerning microskills instruction designed to meet the needs of counselors.^[65][66][67] Ivey would eventually call this "behaviorist" phase a very prolific one^[68] including the skills-based come to came to overshadow counselor instruction throughout the time of 1970–90.^[69] Task opinion was and worn in determining the skills lacked to entry a career.^[70] In education, Englemann (1968) worn job opinion while that} part concerning the methods to describe the Direct Instruction curriculum.^[71]

Chaining[edit]

The ability to be present learned is broken down into slight units designed to meet the needs of simple learning. For example, a being study to brush teeth solo may begin in the company of study to unscrew the toothpaste cap. Once they have learned this, the next step may be present squeezing the tube, etc.^[72][73]

For problem behavior, chains can and be present analyzed including the chain can be present disrupted to stop the problem behavior.^[74] Some behavior therapies, such while that} dialectical behavior therapy, produce extensive use concerning behavior chain analysis, however is not philosophically behavior analytic.^[75]

Prompting[edit]

A prompt is a cue that is worn to encourage a needed reaction from an individual.^[76] Prompts are generally categorized into a cause hierarchy from the majority intrusive to fewest intrusive, although there is some debate re what is considered the majority intrusive, those that are physically intrusive or those that are hardest cause to fade (e.g.,verbal).^[77] In order to shrink errors including ensure a high level concerning victory throughout the time of learning, prompts are given in a most-to-least sequence including washed out systematically.^[78] During this process, prompts are washed out rapidly while that} viable so that the student does not near to depend on top of them including after all behaves appropriately wanting prompting.^[79][80]

Types concerning prompts Prompters ability use any or all concerning the next to suggest the needed response:

• Vocal prompts: Words or further vocalizations
• Visual prompts: A optic cue or picture
• Gestural prompts: A physical gesture
• Positional prompt: e.g., the bull's-eye item is placed close to the individual.
• Modeling: Modeling the needed response. This type concerning cause is top suited designed to meet the needs of individuals who learn via replica including can go to to a model.
• Physical prompts: Physically manipulating the single to effect the needed response. There are many degrees concerning physical prompts, from quite intrusive (e.g. the don places a hand on top of the learner's hand) to minimally intrusive (e.g. a slight tap).^[78]

This is not an exhaustive list concerning prompts; the nature, number, including order concerning prompts are chosen to be present the the majority active designed to meet the needs of a special individual.

Fading[edit]

The whole goal is designed to meet the needs of an single to after all not require prompts. As an single gains mastery concerning a ability at a special cause level, the cause is washed out to a smaller intrusive prompt. This ensures that the single does not come to be overly helpless on top of a special cause when study a contemporary behavior or skill.

Thinning a increase schedule[edit]

Thinning is generally confused in the company of fading. Fading refers to a cause thing removed, where thinning refers to an expand in the time or figure concerning responses obligatory mid reinforcements.^[81] Periodic thinning that produces a 30% decrease in increase has been suggested while that} an efficient process to thin.^[82] Schedule thinning is generally an important including neglected issue in contingency management including token economy systems, mainly when these are developed via incapable practitioners (see professional practice concerning behavior analysis).^[83]

Extinction[edit]

Generalization[edit]

Generalization is the growth concerning a student's playing ability on the far side of the first conditions leave designed to meet the needs of acquiring concerning a skill.^[84] Generalization can come about past people, places, including materials worn designed to meet the needs of teaching. For example, once a ability is learned in sole setting, in the company of a special instructor, including in the company of special materials, the ability is taught in extra general settings in the company of extra variation from the first acquiring phase. For example, given that a scholar has successfully mastered study colors at the table, the don may grip the scholar around the dwelling or school including generalize the ability in these extra natural environments in the company of further materials. Behavior analysts have spent considerable size concerning time studying factors that lead to generalization.^[85]

Shaping[edit]

Shaping involves gradually modifying the in existence behavior into the needed behavior. If the scholar engages in the company of a bitch via hitting it, in those days they could have their behavior shaped via reinforcing interactions in which they handle the bitch extra gently. Over many interactions, fortunate shaping would follow the hitting behavior in the company of patting or further gentler behavior. Shaping is based on top of a behavior analyst's thorough knowledge concerning operant conditioning principles including extinction. Recent efforts to coach shaping have worn simulated computer tasks.^[86]

One teaching approach start to be present active in the company of some students, particularly children, is the use concerning video modeling (the use concerning taped sequences while that} exemplars concerning behavior). It can be present worn via therapists to further in the acquiring concerning both verbal including motor responses, in some cases designed to meet the needs of extended chains concerning behavior.^[87][88]

Interventions based on top of an FBA[edit]

Critical to behavior detailed interventions is the concept concerning a efficient behavioral case formulation in the company of a practical behavioral judgment or opinion at the core.^[89][90] This come to should apply a behavior detailed theory concerning change (see Behavioral innovation theories). This formulation should contain a thorough practical assessment, a skills assessment, a sequential opinion (behavior chain analysis), an ecological assessment, a watch at in existence evidenced-based behavioral models designed to meet the needs of the problem behavior (such while that} Fordyce's image concerning deep-seated pain)^[91] including in those days a treatment plan based on top of how situation factors influence behavior. Some argue that behavior detailed event formulation can be present improved in the company of an judgment concerning rules including rule-governed behavior.^[92][93][94] Some concerning the interventions that result from this type concerning conceptualization involve instruction special intercourse skills to follow the problem behaviors while that} skilfully while that} special setting, antecedent, behavior, including result strategies.^[95]

Stimulus control[edit]

Motivating operations[edit]

Motivating operations (MOs) contain establishing operations (EOs) including abolishing operations (AOs).

Habituation[edit]

Counterconditioning[edit]

Use in the treatment concerning autism range disorders[edit]

ABA-based techniques are generally worn to coach adapative behaviors^[96] or to diminish behaviors joined in the company of autism, so much that ABA itself is generally mistakenly considered to be present synonymous in the company of therapy designed to meet the needs of autism.^[6] It is and the gold calibre treatment designed to meet the needs of that identification while that} it is considered to be present the majority active according to the American Academy concerning Pediatrics.^[97] ABA designed to meet the needs of autism may be present controlled via distinguishing severity including IQ.^[98][99]

Efficacy[edit]

The the majority influential including widely cited review concerning the literature regarding power concerning treatments designed to meet the needs of autism is the National Research Council's title Educating Children in the company of Autism (2001) which concluded that ABA was the top investigation supported including the majority active treatment designed to meet the needs of the main characteristics concerning autism. Other criticisms relief contain the slight sample sizes worn in the published investigation to date. Medications have not been proven to correct the nucleus deficits concerning ASDs including are not the chief treatment. Recent reviews concerning the efficacy concerning ABA-based techniques in autism include:

• A 2007 clinical communicate concerning the American Academy concerning Pediatrics concluded that the benefit concerning ABA-based interventions in autism range disorders (ASDs) "has been skilfully documented" including that "children who receive great time|beforehand|ahead of schedule|in advance} thorough behavioral treatment have been shown to produce substantial, continuous gains in IQ, language, academic performance, including adaptive behavior while that} skilfully while that} some measures concerning social behavior".^[100]
• Researchers from the MIND Institute published an evidence-based review concerning comprehensive treatment approaches in 2008. On the arrangement concerning "the strength concerning the findings from the spring best-designed, controlled studies", they were concerning the idea that sole ABA-based come to (the Lovaas technique created via Ole Ivar Løvaas) is "well-established" designed to meet the needs of improving cerebral playing concerning little children in the company of ASD.^[101]
• A 2009 review concerning psycho-educational interventions designed to meet the needs of children in the company of autism whose say years was six years or smaller at intake start that five high-quality ("Level 1" or "Level 2") studies assessed ABA-based treatments. On the arrangement concerning these including further studies, the author concluded that ABA is "well-established" including is "demonstrated active in enhancing worldwide functioning in pre-school children in the company of autism when treatment is thorough including carried out via trained therapists".^[102] However, the review committee and concluded that "there is a great require designed to meet the needs of extra knowledge re which interventions are the majority effective".
• A 2009 daily included a vivid analysis, an effect size analysis, including a meta-analysis concerning 13 reports published from 1987 to 2007 concerning great time|beforehand|ahead of schedule|in advance} thorough behavioral interference (EIBI, a sort concerning ABA-based treatment in the company of origins in the Lovaas technique) designed to meet the needs of autism. It resolute that EIBI's effect sizes were "generally positive" designed to meet the needs of IQ, adaptive behavior, expressive language, including receptive language. The daily did note limitations concerning its findings plus the absence concerning published comparisons mid EIBI including further "empirically validated treatment programs".^[103]
• In a 2009 systematic review concerning 11 studies published from 1987 to 2007, the researchers wrote "there is strong data that EIBI is active designed to meet the needs of some, however not all, children in the company of autism range disorders, including there is spacious variability in reaction to treatment". Furthermore, any improvements are disposed to be present greatest in the first year concerning intervention.^[104]
• A 2009 meta-analysis concerning nine studies published from 1987 to 2007 concluded that EIBI has a "large" effect on top of full-scale intelligence including a "moderate" effect on top of adaptive behavior in autistic children.^[105]
• In 2011, investigators from Vanderbilt University under contract in the company of the Agency designed to meet the needs of Healthcare Research including Quality performed a comprehensive review concerning the scientific literature on top of ABA-based including further therapies designed to meet the needs of autism range disorders; the ABA-based therapies included the UCLA/Lovaas technique including the Early Start Denver Model (the last developed via Sally Rogers including Geraldine Dawson).^[106] They concluded that "both approaches were joined in the company of ... improvements in cognitive performance, tongue skills, including adaptive behavior skills".^[106]:ES-9 However, they and concluded that "the strength concerning data ... is low", "many children continue to display top areas concerning impairment", "subgroups may account designed to meet the needs of a majority concerning the change", there is "little data concerning efficient power or feasibility on the far side of investigation studies", including the published studies "used slight samples, contrasting treatment approaches including duration, including contrasting consequence measurements".^[106]:ES-10

A 2009 efficient review including meta-analysis via Spreckley including Boyd concerning spring small-n 2000–2007 studies (involving a entirety concerning 76 children) came to contrasting conclusions than the aforementioned reviews.^[107] Spreckley including Boyd reported that applied behavior interference (ABI), a further name designed to meet the needs of EIBI, did not vastly improve outcomes compared in the company of calibre care concerning preschool children in the company of ASD in the areas concerning cognitive outcome, expressive language, receptive language, including adaptive behavior.^[107] In a letter to the editor, however, authors concerning the spring studies meta-analyzed claimed that Spreckley including Boyd had misinterpreted sole read up comparing two forms concerning ABI in the company of each further while that} a comparison concerning ABI in the company of calibre care, which mistakenly decreased the observed power concerning ABI.^[108] Furthermore, the spring studies' authors relief the possibility that Spreckley including Boyd had excluded some further studies unnecessarily, including that plus such studies could have led to a extra favorable evaluation concerning ABI.^[108] Spreckley, Boyd, including the spring studies' authors did engage one|sympathize} that large multi-site randomized trials are lacked to improve the understanding concerning ABA's power in autism.^[108]

A United States District Court Judge ruled withholding ABA from children (0–21) in the company of autism causes irreparable harm, verdict Elizabeth Dudek concerning Florida's Agency designed to meet the needs of Healthcare Administration's location suggesting ABA was pilot was arbitrary including capricious, ordering AHCA enjoined from withholding ABA.^[109] Thereafter, CMS ordered its guidance that all states to cover up ABA by Head Start including Early Head Start EPSDT programs.^[110]

Further investigation is evidently required, specifically to contain larger including thus extra representative samples.

Criticism[edit]

Many in the autism society opinion ABA to treat autism while that} negative, adage it is illegal including goes against the neurodiversity movement.^[111] Various critical figures surrounded by the autistic society have written biographies detailing harm caused via the provision concerning ABA.^{[citation needed]} Several concerning these persons have since been diagnosed in the company of PTSD including depression.^{[citation needed]} Autistic advocates contend that ABA is based on top of the "cruel" premise concerning trying to produce autistic persons "normal" wanting consideration designed to meet the needs of how this may decline their well-being. They and criticize the idea concerning punishing children designed to meet the needs of undesired behaviors such while that} stimming including blunt outbursts.^[111] Instead, these ABA critics generally support designed to meet the needs of increased social acceptance concerning autistic traits.^[112][111]

A 2018 study, based on top of a research concerning 'post-traumatic stress symptoms' completed via individuals in the company of presumed, self-reported identification concerning ASD including their caregivers, start that 46% concerning the individuals who and reported receiving ABA treatment met the author's "diagnostic door designed to meet the needs of PTSD" by their research score, against 28% concerning respondents not reporting stub concerning ABA treatment. Individuals reported while that} receiving ABA were 86% extra disposed on top of average (41% designed to meet the needs of adults, 130% designed to meet the needs of children) to meet the author's "diagnostic threshold".^[113] However, in the alike magazine including alike year, the read up was excessively criticized via ABA researchers who noted the study's multiple momentous methodological including conceptual flaws. These significant issues included hypothesis-testing bias, non-validated diagnoses concerning ASD including measures concerning 'post-traumatic stress symptoms', including related survey-based measures in the company of leading questions, correlation-based conclusions, incomplete treatment descriptions, including unverified self-report in the company of tendencies designed to meet the needs of response bias including unreliable 'say-do' correspondence. These authors expressed caution to families including consumers who could be present misled into falsely believing that an interference in the company of what they cited while that} having "vast amounts concerning first-hand support" was harmful instead of than effective, based on top of what they evaluated while that} a "biased opinion which led to distinct claims in the company of scant to of course not evidence" to champion the claims.^[114]

John Elder Robison says he supports ABA designed to meet the needs of autism in the company of a focal point on top of teaching useful skills, while that} opposed to promoting normalization.^[112]

Parallels have been drawn mid the use concerning ABA including gay change therapy.^[115]

Major journals[edit]

Applied behavior analysts publish in many journals. Some examples concerning "core" behavior detailed journals are:

• Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis
• Journal concerning the Experimental Analysis concerning Behavior
• Journal concerning Organizational Behavior Management
• Journal concerning Behavioral Education
• Journal concerning the Analysis concerning Verbal Behavior
• Behavior Analysis: Research including Practice^[116]
• The Behavior Analyst Today^[117]
• The Behavior Analyst
• The Journal concerning Speech-Language Pathology including Applied Behavior Analysis^[117]
• Journal concerning Positive Behavior Interventions
• Journal concerning Early including Intensive Behavioral Interventions^[117]
• The International Journal concerning Behavioral Consultation including Therapy^[117]
• The Journal concerning Behavioral Assessment including Intervention in Children^[117]
• The Behavioral Development Bulletin^[117]
• The Journal concerning Precision Teaching including Standard Celeration
• Behavior including Social Issues^[118]
• Journal concerning Behavior Analysis concerning Sports, Health, Fitness, including Behavioral Medicine^[117]
• Journal concerning Behavior Analysis concerning Offender including Victim: Treatment including Prevention^[117]
• Behavioral Health including Medicine^[117]
• Applied Animal Behaviour Science
• Behavior Modification
• Behavior Therapy
• Behavior including Philosophy^[119]

See also[edit]

• Association designed to meet the needs of Behavior Analysis International
• Autism rights movement
• Behavior opinion concerning kid development
• Behavior therapy
• Behavioral activation (BA)
• Educational psychology
• Parent control training
• Professional practice concerning behavior analysis

References[edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c} Baer, D.M.; Wolf, M.M. & Risley, T.R. (1968). "Some course dimensions concerning applied behavior analysis". Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis. 1 (1): 91–97. doi:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-91. PMC 1310980. PMID 16795165.
2. ^ See and footnote figure "(1)" concerning [and the whole "What is ABA?" piece of] «Olive, Dr. Melissa. "What is ABA?". Applied Behavioral Strategies. Archived from the earliest on top of 6 October 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.» Where the alike interpretation is given, (or quoted), including it credits (or mentions) both [i] the source "Baer, Wolf & Risley, 1968" (Drs. Donald Baer, PhD, Montrose Wolf, PHD including Todd R. Risley, PhD, (Professor Emeritus concerning Psychology at the University concerning Alaska) were psychologists who developed science concerning applied behavior analysis) including [ii] a further source, called "Sulzer-Azaroff & Mayer, 1991". Beth Sulzer-Azaroff is a psychologist at University concerning Massachusetts Amherst, Department concerning Psychology
3. ^ Mace, F.C. (1994). "The import including prospect concerning practical opinion methodologies". Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis. 27 (2): 385–392. doi:10.1901/jaba.1994.27-385. PMC 1297814. PMID 16795830.
4. ^ L. Pelios; J. Morren; D. Tesch; S. Axelrod (1999). "The impression concerning practical opinion methodology on top of treatment choice designed to meet the needs of self-injurious including aggressive behavior". Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis. 32 (2): 185–195. doi:10.1901/jaba.1999.32-185. PMC 1284177. PMID 10396771.
5. ^ ^{a b c} F.C. Mace; T.S. Critchfield (May 2010). "Translational investigation in behavior analysis: Historical traditions including imperative designed to meet the needs of the future". Journal concerning the Experimental Analysis concerning Behavior. 93 (3): 293–312. doi:10.1901/jeab.2010.93-293. PMC 2861871. PMID 21119847.
6. ^ ^{a b c} Dillenburger, K.; Keenan, M. (2009). "None concerning the As in ABA stand designed to meet the needs of autism: dispelling the myths". J Intellect Dev Disabil. 34 (2): 193–95. doi:10.1080/13668250902845244. PMID 19404840.
7. ^ Wong,S.E.; Seroka, P.P.; Ogisi, J. (2000). "Effect concerning a checklist on top of self-assessment concerning vital fluid glucose level via a memory-impaired woman in the company of diabetes mellitus". Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis. 33 (2): 251–254. doi:10.1901/jaba.2000.33-251. PMC 1284245. PMID 10885534.
8. ^ DeVries, J.E.; Burnette, M.M.; Redmon, W.K. (1991). "AIDS prevention: Improving nurses' compliance in the company of glove taxing between playing feedback". Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis. 24 (4): 705–11. doi:10.1901/jaba.1991.24-705. PMC 1279627. PMID 1797773.
9. ^ Brothers, K.J.; Krantz, P.J.; McClannahan, L.E. (1994). "Office daily recycling: A concern concerning receptacle proximity". Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis. 27 (1): 153–60. doi:10.1901/jaba.1994.27-153. PMC 1297784. PMID 16795821.
10. ^ Dardig, Jill C.; Heward, William L.; Heron, Timothy E.; Nancy A. Neef; Peterson, Stephanie; Diane M. Sainato; Cartledge, Gwendolyn; Gardner, Ralph; Peterson, Lloyd R.; Susan B. Hersh (2005). Focus on top of behavior opinion in education: achievements, challenges, including opportunities. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Merrill/Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-111339-8.
11. ^ Gallagher, S.M.; Keenan M. (2000). "Independent use concerning work materials via the ancient in a suburban setting". Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis. 33 (3): 325–28. doi:10.1901/jaba.2000.33-325. PMC 1284256. PMID 11051575.
12. ^ De Luca, R.V.; Holborn, S.W. (1992). "Effects concerning a variable-ratio increase plan in the company of changing criteria on top of apply in obese including nonobese boys". Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis. 25 (3): 671–79. doi:10.1901/jaba.1992.25-671. PMC 1279749. PMID 1429319.
13. ^ Fox, D.K.; Hopkins, B.L.; Anger, W.K. (1987). "The long-term belongings concerning a token financial state on top of assurance playing in open-pit mining". Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis. 20 (3): 215–24. doi:10.1901/jaba.1987.20-215. PMC 1286011. PMID 3667473.
14. ^ Drasgow, E.; Halle, J.W.; Ostrosky, M.M. (1998). "Effects concerning contrasting increase on top of the generalization concerning a replacement mand in three children in the company of desperate tongue delays". Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis. 31 (3): 357–74. doi:10.1901/jaba.1998.31-357. PMC 1284128. PMID 9757580.
15. ^ Powers, R.B.; Osborne, J.G.; Anderson, E.G. (1973). "Positive increase concerning rubbish extraction in the natural environment". Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis. 6 (4): 579–86. doi:10.1901/jaba.1973.6-579. PMC 1310876. PMID 16795442.
16. ^ Hagopian, L.P.; Thompson, R.H. (1999). "Reinforcement concerning compliance in the company of respiratory treatment in a kid in the company of cystic fibrosis". Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis. 32 (2): 233–36. doi:10.1901/jaba.1999.32-233. PMC 1284184. PMID 10396778.
17. ^ Kuhn, S.A.C.; Lerman, D.C.; Vorndran, C.M. (2003). "Pyramidal instruction designed to meet the needs of families concerning children in the company of problem behavior". Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis. 36 (1): 77–88. doi:10.1901/jaba.2003.36-77. PMC 1284418. PMID 12723868.
18. ^ Van Houten, R.; Malenfant, J.E.L.; Austin, J.; Lebbon, A. (2005). Vollmer, Timothy (ed.). "The belongings concerning a seatbelt-gearshift put off cause on top of the seatbelt use concerning motorists who achieve not regularly wear seatbelts". Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis. 38 (2): 195–203. doi:10.1901/jaba.2005.48-04. PMC 1226155. PMID 16033166.
19. ^ Wong, S.E.; Martinez-Diaz, J.A.; Massel, H.K.; Edelstein, B.A.; Wiegand, W.; Bowen, L.; Liberman, R.P. (1993). "Conversational skills instruction in the company of schizophrenic inpatients: A read up concerning generalization beyond settings including conversants". Behavior Therapy. 24 (2): 285–304. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80270-9.
20. ^ Brobst, B.; Ward, P. (2002). "Effects concerning population posting, goal setting, including unwritten feedback on top of the skills concerning female soccer players". Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis. 35 (3): 247–57. doi:10.1901/jaba.2002.35-247. PMC 1284383. PMID 12365738.
21. ^ Forthman, D.L.; Ogden, J.J. (1992). "The job concerning applied behavior opinion in zoo management: Today including tomorrow". Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis. 25 (3): 647–52. doi:10.1901/jaba.1992.25-647. PMC 1279745. PMID 16795790.
22. ^ Marr, M (2009). "The natural selection: behavior opinion while that} a natural science" (PDF). European Journal concerning Behavior Analysis. 10 (2): 103–118. doi:10.1080/15021149.2009.11434313. Archived from the original (PDF) on top of 29 November 2014.
23. ^ Thompson, T. (1984). "The examining magistrate designed to meet the needs of nature: a revision review concerning Claude Bernard's An Introduction to the Study concerning Experimental Medicine". Journal concerning the Experimental Analysis concerning Behavior. 2 (41): 212–13. doi:10.1901/jeab.1984.41-211. PMC 1348034.
24. ^ Pierce, W. David; Cheney, Carl D. (16 June 2017) [1995]. Behavior Analysis including Learning: A Biobehavioral Approach (6 ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 622. ISBN 978-1138898585.
25. ^ Ayllon T, Michael J (October 1959). "The psychiatric caregiver while that} a behavioral engineer". Journal concerning the Experimental Analysis concerning Behavior. 2 (4): 323–334. doi:10.1901/jeab.1959.2-323. PMC 1403907. PMID 13795356.
26. ^ ^{a b c} Larsson EV, Wright S (2011). "O. Ivar Lovaas (1927–2010)". The Behavior Analyst. 34 (1): 111–114. doi:10.1007/BF03392239. PMC 3089401.
27. ^ Lovitt, Thomas C. (1993). "A short antiquity concerning applied behavior opinion at the University concerning Washington". Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis. 26 (4): 563–567. doi:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-563. PMC 1297893. PMID 16795814.
28. ^ "Identifying applied behavior opinion interventions" (PDF). Association concerning Professional Behavior Analysts. 25 July 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
29. ^ ^{a b} Baer, Donald M. (1993). "A brief, selective antiquity concerning the Department concerning Human Development including Family Life at the University concerning Kansas: The great time|beforehand|ahead of schedule|in advance} years". Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis. 26 (4): 569–570. doi:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-569. PMC 1297894. PMID 16795815.
30. ^ ^{a b} Smith, T; Eikseth (14 December 2010). "S". Journal concerning Autism including Developmental Disorders. 41 (3): 375–378. doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1162-0. PMID 21153872.
31. ^ Anderson, CM; Freeman, KA (Spring 2000). "Positive behavior support: Expanding the demand concerning applied behavior analysis". The Behavior Analyst. 23 (1): 85–94. doi:10.1007/BF03392001. PMC 2731369. PMID 22478340.
32. ^ Anderson, CM; Kincald, D (2005). "Applying behavior opinion to school bloodshed including discipline problems". The Behavior Analyst. 28 (1): 49–63. doi:10.1007/BF03392103. PMC 2755344. PMID 22478439.
33. ^ Waasdorp, TE; Bradshaw, CP; Leaf, PJ (Winter 2012). "The impression concerning schoolwide upbeat behavioral interventions including supports on top of bullying including peer rejection: a randomized controlled power trial". Archives concerning Pediatrics including Adolescent Medicine. 166 (2): 149–56. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.755. PMID 22312173.
34. ^ ^{a b c} Baer, D.M.; Wolf, M.M.; Risley, T.R. (1968). "Some course dimensions concerning applied behavior analysis". J Appl Behav Anal. 1 (1): 91–97. doi:10.1901/jaba.1968.1-91. PMC 1310980. PMID 16795165.
35. ^ ^{a b c} Cooper, J.O.; Heron, T.E.; Heward, W.L. (2007). Applied Behavior Analysis (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-142113-4.
36. ^ Cooper, Heron & Heward 1987, p. 16
37. ^ Cooper, Heron & Heward 1987, p. 17
38. ^ Heward, W.L.; et al., eds. (2005). Focus on top of behavior opinion in education: Achievements, challenges, including opportunities. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall/Merrill. ISBN 978-0-13-111339-8.
39. ^ Stokes, Trevor; Budd, Karen S. (2003). A slight issue concerning proof: the legacy concerning Donald M. Baer. Reno, NV: Context Press. ISBN 978-1-878978-43-1.
40. ^ Heward, 205 p. 322
41. ^ Cooper, Heron & Heward 1987, p. 19
42. ^ Johnston, James M. & Pennypacker, H.S. (1993a). Strategies including tactics concerning behavioral research. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-8058-0905-3.
43. ^ Cooper, Heron & Heward 1987, p. 26
44. ^ Cooper, Heron & Heward 1987, p. 33
45. ^ ^{a b} Michael, J. (2004). Concepts including principles concerning behavior analysis (rev. ed.) Kalamazoo, MI: Society designed to meet the needs of the Advancement concerning Behavior Analysis.
46. ^ Flora, S.R. (2004). The influence concerning reinforcement. Albany: State University concerning New York Press.
47. ^ Northup, J.; Vollmer, T.R.; Serret, K. (1993). "Publication trends in 25 years concerning the Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis". Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis. 26 (4): 527–37. doi:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-527. PMC 1297882. PMID 16795803.
48. ^ Cooper, Heron & Heward 1987, p. 27
49. ^ Cooper, Heron & Heward 1987, p. 355
50. ^ Reese E.P. (1966). The opinion concerning human operant behavior. Dubuque IA: Brown.
51. ^ Miltenberger, R. G. "Behavioral Modification: Principles including Procedures". Thomson/Wadsworth, 2008. p. 102.
52. ^ Miltenberger, R. G. "Behavioral Modification: Principles including Procedures". Thomson/Wadsworth, 2008. p. 104.
53. ^ Moxley, R.A. (2004). "Pragmatic selectionism. The thinking concerning behavior analysis". The Behavior Analyst Today. 5: 108–25. doi:10.1037/h0100137.
54. ^ Cooper, Heron & Heward 1987, p. 41
55. ^ Peterson, P. (2007). Promoting generalization including maintenance concerning skills learned by natural tongue teaching. SPL-ABA 1(4)–2(1), 97–138
56. ^ Johnston, J.M. & Pennypacker, H.S. (1993b). Readings designed to meet the needs of Strategies including tactics concerning behavioral research (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, HF: Erlbaum. ISBN 978-0-8058-0906-0.
57. ^ Cooper, Heron & Heward 1987, p. 422
58. ^ Behavioral Cusp
59. ^ Brian A. Iwata (2010). "Functional Analysis concerning Problem Behavior: the Basics" (PDF). University concerning Florida. Archived from the original (PDF) on top of 29 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
60. ^ Crowell, C.R.; Anderson, D.C.; Abel, D.M.; Sergio, J.P. (1988). "Task clarification, playing feedback, including social praise: procedures designed to meet the needs of improving the customer service concerning merchant bank tellers". J Appl Behav Anal. 21 (1): 65–71. doi:10.1901/jaba.1988.21-65. PMC 1286094. PMID 16795713.
61. ^ MacDuff, G.S.; Krantz, P.J.; McClannahan, L.E. (1993). "Teaching children in the company of autism to use visual work schedules: Maintenance including generalization concerning composite reaction chains". Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis. 26 (1): 89–97. doi:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-89. PMC 1297722. PMID 8473261.
62. ^ Krantz, P.J.; McClannahan, L.E. (1993). "Teaching children in the company of autism to initiate to peers: Effects concerning a script-fading procedure". Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis. 26 (1): 121–32. doi:10.1901/jaba.1993.26-121. PMC 1297725. PMID 8473251.
63. ^ Bergan, J.R. (1977). Behavioral Consultation. Merrill. ISBN 978-0-675-08488-8.
64. ^ Kratochwill, T.R.; Van Someren, K.R.; Sheridan, S.M. (1989). "Training behavioral consultants: a competency-based image to coach interview skills". Professional School Psychology. 4: 41–58. doi:10.1037/h0090570.
65. ^ Ivey, A.E.; Normington, C.J.; Miller, C.D.; Morrill, W.H.; Haase, R.F. (1968). "Microcounseling including attending behavior: an come to to prepracticum counselor training". J Couns Psychol. 15 (5, pt. 2): 1–12. doi:10.1037/h0026129.
66. ^ Ivey, A.E.; Ivey, M.B. (1998). Intentional Interviewing including Counseling: Facilitating Client Development in a Multicultural Society (4th ed.). Brooks/Cole. ISBN 978-0-534-35756-6.
67. ^ Iwata, B.A.; Wong, S.E.; Riordan, M.M.; Dorsey, M.F.; Lau, M.M. (1982). "Assessment including instruction concerning clinical interviewing skills: Analogue opinion including field replication". Journal concerning Applied Behavior Analysis. 15 (2): 191–203. doi:10.1901/jaba.1982.15-191. PMC 1308264. PMID 7118753.
68. ^ Littrell, J.M. (2001). "Allen E. Ivey: transforming counseling philosophy including practice". J Couns Dev. 79 (1): 105–18. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2001.tb01949.x. Retrieved 4 January 2008.
69. ^ McLennan, J. (1994). "The skills-based image concerning counselling training: a review concerning the evidence". Aust Psychol. 29 (2): 79–88. doi:10.1080/00050069408257328.
70. ^ Krumboltz, J.D.; Mitchell, A.M.; Jones, G.B. (1980). "A social study theory concerning employment selection". In Wentling TL (ed.). Annual Review concerning Research in Vocational Education, Vol. 1. Office concerning Vocational Education Research, University concerning Illinois. pp. 259–82.
71. ^ Englemann, S. (1968). "Relating operant techniques to programming including teaching". J Sch Psychol. 6 (2): 89–96. doi:10.1016/0022-4405(68)90002-2.
72. ^ Cooper, Heron & Heward 1987
73. ^ Weiss, K.M. (1978). "A comparison concerning leading including backward procedures designed to meet the needs of the acquiring concerning reaction chains in humans". J Exp Anal Behav. 29 (2): 255–59. doi:10.1901/jeab.1978.29-255. PMC 1332753. PMID 16812053.
74. ^ Walker, H.M. (1995). The Acting-Out Child: Coping With Classroom Disruption (2nd ed.). Sopris West. ISBN 978-1-57035-047-4.^{[page needed]}
75. ^ Linehan, M.M. (1993). Skills Training Manual designed to meet the needs of Treating Borderline Personality Disorder. The Guilford Press. ISBN 978-0-89862-034-4.^{[page needed]}
76. ^ Ontario Ministry concerning Education (2007). Effective Educational Practices designed to meet the needs of Students in the company of ASD. Queen's Printer designed to meet the needs of Ontario.
77. ^ Barnett, D.W.; et al. (2006). "Preschool Intervention Scripts: Lessons from 20 years concerning Research including Practice". Journal concerning Speech Language Pathology including Applied Behavior Analysis. 2 (2): 158–81. doi:10.1037/h0100216.
78. ^ ^{a b} Martin; Pear (2003). Behavior Modification: What is it including how to achieve it? (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River NJ: Pearson Education.
79. ^ VanDerHeyden, A.M.; Snyder, P.; DiCarlo, C.F.; Stricklin, S.B.; Vagianos, L.A. (2002). "Comparison concerning within-stimulus including extra-stimulus prompts to expand targeted frolic behaviors in an inclusive great time|beforehand|ahead of schedule|in advance} interference program". Behav Analyst Today. 3 (2): 188–97. doi:10.1037/h0099967.
80. ^ Chesnut, M.; Williamson, P.N.; Morrow, J.E. (2003). "The use concerning optic cues to coach receptive skills to children in the company of desperate auditory discrimination deficits". Behav Analyst Today. 4 (2): 212–24. doi:10.1037/h0100120.
81. ^ LeBlanc, L.A.; Hagoplan, L.P.; Maglieri, K.A.; Poling, A. (2002). "Decreasing the force concerning reinforcement-based interventions designed to meet the needs of reducing behavior: conceptual issues including a proposed image designed to meet the needs of clinical practice". Behav Analyst Today. 3 (3): 289–300. doi:10.1037/h0099991.
82. ^ Cautilli, J. (2005). "Brief report: demand concerning proposed image concerning decreasing increase intensity". Int J Behav Consult Ther. 1 (1): 21–36. doi:10.1037/h0100731.
83. ^ Bailey, J.S. & Burch, M.R. (2005). Ethics designed to meet the needs of behavior analysts. LEA
84. ^ Alberto; Troutman (2006). Applied behavior opinion designed to meet the needs of teachers (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River NJ: Pearson Education.
85. ^ Osnes, P.G.; Lieblein, T. (2003). "An explicit technology concerning generalization". Behav Analyst Today. 3 (4): 364–74. doi:10.1037/h0099994.
86. ^ Kemp, S.M.; Eckerman, D.A. (2002). "Simulating a shaping task". Behav Analyst Today. 3 (2): 166–78. doi:10.1037/h0099975.
87. ^ D'Ateno, P.; Mangiapanello, K.; Taylor, B.A. (2002). "Using video modeling to coach composite frolic sequences to a preschooler in the company of autism". J Posit Behav Interv. 5 (1): 5–11. doi:10.1177/10983007030050010801.
88. ^ Corbett, B.A.; Abdullah, M. (2005). "Video modeling: why does it do business designed to meet the needs of children in the company of autism?". J Early Intensive Behav Interv. 2 (1): 2–8. doi:10.1037/h0100294.
89. ^ Tryon, W.W. (1976). "A structure concerning behavioral diagnosis". Prof Psychol. 7 (4): 495–506. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.7.4.495.
90. ^ Kanfer, F.H.; Saslow, G. (1969). "Behavioral diagnosis". In Franks CM (ed.). Behavior Therapy: Appraisal including Status. McGraw-Hill. pp. 417–44. OCLC 24223.
91. ^ Romano, J.M.; Jensen, M.P.; Turner, J.A.; Good, A.B.; Hops, H. (2000). "Chronic pain patient-partner interactions: further champion designed to meet the needs of a behavioral image concerning deep-seated pain". Behav Ther. 31 (3): 415–40. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(00)80023-4.
92. ^ Malott, R.W. (1992). "A system concerning ideas concerning rule-governed behavior including managerial behavior management". J Organ Behav Manage. 12 (2): 45–65. doi:10.1300/J075v12n02_03.
93. ^ Malott, R.W.; Shimamune, S.; Malott, M.E. (1992). "Rule-governed behavior including managerial behavior management: an opinion concerning interventions". J Organ Behav Manage. 12 (2): 103–16. doi:10.1300/J075v12n02_09.
94. ^ Hayes, S.C.; Brownstein, A.J.; Zettle, R.D.; Rosenfarb, I.; Korn, Z. (1986). "Rule-governed behavior including sensitivity to changing consequences concerning responding". J Exp Anal Behav. 45 (3): 237–56. doi:10.1901/jeab.1986.45-237. PMC 1348236. PMID 16812448.
95. ^ Gerhardt, P.F.; Weiss, M.J.; Delmolino, L. (2003). "Treatment concerning desperate aggression in an young in the company of autism: non-contingent increase including practical intercourse training". Behav Analyst Today. 4 (4): 386–94. doi:10.1037/h0100124.
96. ^ Matson, Johnny; Hattier, Megan; Belva, Brian (January–March 2012). "Treating adaptive living skills concerning persons in the company of autism using applied behavior analysis: A review". Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 6 (1): 271–276. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.05.008. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
97. ^ Myers, Scott M.; Johnson, Chris Plauché (1 November 2007). "Management concerning Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders". Pediatrics. 120 (5): 1162–1182. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2362. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 17967921.
98. ^ Shreck, K.A.; Metz, B.; Mulick, J.A.; Smith, A. (2000). "Making it fit: A Provocative Look at Models concerning Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention designed to meet the needs of Children in the company of Autism". The Behavior Analyst Today. 1 (3): 27–32. doi:10.1037/h0099886.
99. ^ Mary Jane Weiss; Delmolino Lara (2006). "The Relationship Between Early Learning Rates including Treatment Outcome For Children With Autism Receiving Intensive Home-Based Applied Behavior Analysis". The Behavior Analyst Today. 7 (1): 96–105. doi:10.1037/h0100140.
100. ^ Myers, S.M.; Johnson, C.P.; Council on top of Children in the company of Disabilities (2007). "Management concerning children in the company of autism range disorders". Pediatrics. 120 (5): 1162–82. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2362. PMID 17967921. Lay summary – AAP (29 October 2007).
101. ^ Rogers, S.J.; Vismara, L.A. (2008). "Evidence-based comprehensive treatments designed to meet the needs of great time|beforehand|ahead of schedule|in advance} autism". J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 37 (1): 8–38. doi:10.1080/15374410701817808. PMC 2943764. PMID 18444052.
102. ^ Eikeseth, S. (2009). "Outcome concerning comprehensive psycho-educational interventions designed to meet the needs of little children in the company of autism". Res Dev Disabil. 30 (1): 158–78. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.615.3336. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2008.02.003. PMID 18385012.
103. ^ Reichow, B.; Wolery, M. (2009). "Comprehensive amalgamation concerning great time|beforehand|ahead of schedule|in advance} thorough behavioral interventions designed to meet the needs of little children in the company of autism based on top of the UCLA Young Autism Project model". J Autism Dev Disord. 39 (1): 23–41. doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0596-0. PMID 18535894.
104. ^ Howlin, P.; Magiati, I.; Charman, T. (2009). MacLean, Jr.; William E. (eds.). "Systematic review concerning great time|beforehand|ahead of schedule|in advance} thorough behavioral interventions designed to meet the needs of children in the company of autism". Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 114 (1): 23–41. doi:10.1352/2009.114:23-41. PMID 19143460.
105. ^ Eldevik, S.; Hastings, R.P.; Hughes, J.C.; Jahr, E.; Eikeseth, S.; Cross, S. (2009). "Meta-analysis concerning Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention designed to meet the needs of children in the company of autism". J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 38 (3): 439–50. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.607.9620. doi:10.1080/15374410902851739. PMID 19437303.
106. ^ ^{a b c} Warren, Z.; Veenstra-VanderWeele, J.; Stone, W.; Bruzek, J.L.; Nahmias, A.S.; Foss-Feig, J.H.; Jerome, R.N.; Krishnaswami, S.; Sathe, N.A.; Glasser, A.M.; Surawicz, T.; McPheeters, M.L. (2011). Therapies designed to meet the needs of children in the company of autism range disorders (PDF). AHRQ Publication No. 11-EHC029-EF, Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 26. Rockville, MD: Agency designed to meet the needs of Healthcare Research including Quality. Archived from the original (PDF) on top of 2 October 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
107. ^ ^{a b} Spreckley, M.; Boyd, R. (2009). "Efficacy concerning applied behavioral interference in preschool children in the company of autism designed to meet the needs of improving cognitive, language, including adaptive behavior: a efficient review including meta-analysis". J Pediatr. 154 (3): 338–44. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.09.012. PMID 18950798.
108. ^ ^{a b c} Smith, T.; Eikeseth, S.; Sallows, G.O.; Graupner, T.D. (2009). "Efficacy concerning applied behavior opinion in autism". J Pediatr. 155 (1): 151–52, author answer 152–53. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.01.065. PMID 19559310.
109. ^ Permanent Injunction Order
110. ^ "CMCS Informational Bulletin: Clarification concerning Medicaid Coverage concerning Services to Children in the company of Autism" (PDF). Department concerning Health & Human Services. 7 July 2014.
111. ^ ^{a b c} DeVita-Raeburn, Elizabeth (11 August 2016). "Is the Most Common Therapy designed to meet the needs of Autism Cruel?". The Atlantic.
112. ^ ^{a b} Elizabeth DeVita-Raeburn (10 August 2016). "The debate on top of autism's the majority regular therapy". Spectrum. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
113. ^ Kupferstein, H. (2018). "Evidence concerning increased PTSD symptoms in autism exposed to applied behavior analysis". Advances in Autism. 4 (1): 19–29. doi:10.1108/AIA-08-2017-0016.
114. ^ Leaf, J.B.; Ross, R.K.; Cihon, J.C.; Weiss, M.J. (2018). "Evaluating Kupferstein's claims concerning the association concerning behavioral interference to PTSS designed to meet the needs of individuals in the company of autism". Advances in Autism. 4 (3): 122–129. doi:10.1108/AIA-02-2018-0007.
115. ^ Gibson, Margaret F.; Douglas, Patty (16 October 2018). "Disturbing Behaviours: Ole Ivar Lovaas including the Queer History concerning Autism Science". Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience. 4 (2): 1–28. doi:10.28968/cftt.v4i2.29579. ISSN 2380-3312.
116. ^ "Behavior Analysis: Research including Practice". APA.
117. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} "BAOJournals Have Moved". baojournal.com. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
118. ^ "Behavior including Social Issues". Uic.edu. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
119. ^ "Cambridge Center designed to meet the needs of Behavioral Studies". Behavior.org. Retrieved 2 October 2013.

Further reading[edit]

• John J. Wheeler; David Dean Richey (2013). Behavior Management: Principles including Practices concerning Positive Behavior Supports. Pearson Education, Limited. ISBN 978-0-13-285169-5.
• Steege, M.W.; Mace, F.C.; Perry, L.; Longenecker, H. (2007). "Applied behavior analysis: on the far side of individual trial teaching". Psychol Schools. 44 (1): 91–99. doi:10.1002/pits.20208.
• Mayer, G. Roy; Sulzer-Azaroff, Beth; Wallace, Michele (2011). Behavior Analysis designed to meet the needs of Lasting Change (2/E ed.). Sloan. ISBN 978-1-59738-032-4.
• Catania, A. Charles (2007). Learning. Sloan. ISBN 978-1-59738-007-2.

External links[edit]

• Applied Behavior Analysis: Overview including Summary concerning Scientific Support
• Functional Behavioral Assessment, The IRIS Center - U.S. Department concerning Education, Office concerning Special Education Programs Grant including Vanderbilt University

 

Share :